Niccolo Machiavelli Virtues And Virtue - 1122 Words

Kings, rulers come to an end due to non-prudent behavior or a deadly mistake. The truth will uncover to whether the prince was virtuous or faking virtue. When a mistake appears, and the true self reveals. A prince could achieve complete virtue only through a sinless life. Dante depicts a soul as being virtuous by living a pure life and avoiding eternal death in the afterlife. To reign profitably, it is necessitating for a prince to have virtue. Virtue in return, will benefit him in the current and afterlife. Virtue is the moral understanding of something beyond the physical sphere of life. Observing the situation in Florence during Niccolo Machiavelli’s time, it was in ruins due to corruption among citizens and poor leadership. To put†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦because they knew that there is no avoiding war; it can only be postponed to the advantage of others† (Machiavelli, 12). Machiavelli points out that the Romans were victorious because they never steer away from war, a cruel action. To survive as a prince, one had to be cunning and vicious. Machiavelli says that a virtuous prince is one that could keep and protect his state, while utilizing needed unethical methods. He indicates that if prowess cannot be accomplished it must be feigned by the ruler. However, there is a problem with the idea of faking virtue, because one lacking prowess is more susceptible to making a fatal decision. Another difficulty is that obligating acts of darkness would not make a prince a prudent ruler even if it is for the common good of the state. The problem lies within the question, what would become of the soul. The prince may be successful temporary on earth, but what awaits in eternity? He would not be so much considered virtuous and triumphant after his death. The prince’s soul would endure the punishment for his actions, in a place of tournament and outer darkness. Dante brings the reality of the soul’s place back for depiction of what defines righteousness. Worthiness and virtuousness are measured in one’s afterlife as mentioned in â€Å"The Inferno of Dante†. One’s failures will acknowledge themselves in the afterlife, and not soShow MoreRelated The Prince Essay1043 Words   |  5 Pagestheir ideas on politics, but none were better than those of Niccolo Machiavelli. Born in 1469, Niccolo was adamant in creating a master plan for seizing and controlling power. He voiced these themes on what it takes to be a prince of a state in his magnificent book, The Prince. In his book many themes were expressed in order to fulfill the role of a prince. These themes ranged from human nature to military force and most importantly virtue. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Machavelli believed that theRead MoreMachiavelli’s Political Ideas and Influence1477 Words   |  6 Pagesauthor and political figure from the Renaissance who embodied political realism was Niccolo Machiavelli. Machiavelli was a Florentine born in 1469 and lived during the crux of the Renaissance. Before his career as an author Machiavelli was a Florentine ambassador in France and The Holy Roman Empire. Machiavelli studied Renaissance humanism and political realism. As a reaction to what he saw in the north, In 1513 Machiavelli wrote The Prince, which explained his ideas and experiences from his time as anRead MoreBiography of and Principles Taught By Niccolo Machiavelli Essay1047 Words   |  5 PagesMachiavelli Essay: Question 1 Born in the 15th century, Niccolà ² Machiavelli was an Italian historian, politician, philosopher, diplomat and humanist. Following his career as an official in the Florentine Republic, Machiavelli was a founder of modern political science and political ethics. In the political treatise The Prince, written in 1532, Machiavelli outlines several key traits of a successful princedom such as; how to incorporate newly acquired provinces, the most successful way to conquer territoriesRead MorePetrarch and Machiavelli Essay809 Words   |  4 PagesThoughts on Ruling: Machiavelli VS. Petrarch In the fourteenth century, the humanist philosopher Francesco Petrarch wrote a letter entitled How a Ruler Ought to Govern His Sate. Nearly a century later, another philosopher by the name of Niccolo Machiavelli wrote a book about governing, The Prince. The two documents show many similarities in content and theme. While the two wrote in similar subject matter, it is clear that these philosophers possess distinctly different viewpoints on how a rulerRead More Machiavellian Advice from The Prince1097 Words   |  5 PagesNiccolo Machiavelli was a middle-class and humanist-educated Florentine diplomat, philosopher, and writer who lived during the Renaissance in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Although bestowed with the title of the father of modern political theory, Machiavelli has been, and continues to be widely misunderstood and misinterpreted (Kreis). The term â€Å"Machiavellian,† and it is in the dictionary, is defined as subtle or unscrupulous cunning, decepti on, expediency, or dishonesty (Dictionary)Read MoreMachiavelli Ecclesiastical Principalities1238 Words   |  5 Pages(with citations) The Prince is Machiavelli’s guide for ruling and conquering states. Machiavelli elaborates on various ways to acquire principalities and provides the reader with a straightforward guide on how to successfully conquer and maintain control over states. Machiavelli analyses the strengths and flaws of certain paths to conquest, how to maintain a hold on power and the importance of strong arms. Machiavelli sees humans as easily persuaded and simple minded. He believes that all people wantRead MoreEssay on Princely Power1621 Words   |  7 PagesPrincely Power Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince contains a very unique section entitled Princely Virtues in which Machiavelli takes on a how-to approach in regards to becoming a prince. The instructional qualities of the novel lead its reader to create in themselves an image of not the most virtuous, but in Machiavellis eyes, the most effective prince. In the selections found in chapters 15-26, Machiavelli teaches his intended princely students the necessary political skills that a princeRead MoreMachiavelli s On Human Nature1531 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli on Human Nature Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes were two modern political theorists who presented new ideas about political organization in the 16th and 17th century. While Machiavelli focused his written works on ideas related to effective governance, Hobbes attempts to explain the necessity of establishing a ruler to maintain peace and stability. Although Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes focused on different aspects of political theory, both thinkers addressed the conceptRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pagesexplained using the observations of Niccolo Machiavelli in The Prince. In this book Machiavelli outlines the characteristics of a successful leader. When using The Prince as a lens to read Julius Caesar, the correlation between a leader’s Machiavellianism and their success becomes very apparent. Marcus Brutus is undoubtedly an honorable and respectable man, but his morality prevents him from adhering to Machiavelli’s principles . Due to his lack of princely virtues, Brutus is doomed to fail, whileRead MoreNiccolo Machiavelli s The Prince1293 Words   |  6 PagesBy many, Niccolà ² Machiavelli is infamous for being one of the most controversial political philosophers during the period of 1494-1564. Machiavelli is a realist whose lack of idealistic optimism is the root of his cynicism towards human nature and human weakness. He is a perpetuator of the idea that â€Å"the means justifies the end.† Although an ample amount of individuals criticize his principles, many rational thinkers embrace the political realities he so adamantly acquaints his readers with in his

Ethiopian Independence Essay - 1051 Words

During the age of imperialism, a group of western counties succeeded in conquering much of the globe. In 1884 those countries turned their sites on Africa during the Berlin conference, and by the end of the nineteenth century Africa was dominated almost entirely by the colonial powers. There was, however, one country that was able to resist the land hungry powers, and remain independent, and that was Ethiopia. During 1896, they were able to successfully fend off an Italian attack at the battle of Adowa, making them only one of two African nations able to resist colonial rule. That freedom lasted until 1936, when they were briefly subject to Italian rule through World War II. The battle of Adowa began in 1896, after Italy was†¦show more content†¦Another disadvantage to the Italian offensive was geography. Ethiopia is located in isolated mountainous terrain. When General Baratieri devised his plan of attack, he thought he would be able to approach under the cover of darkness, and attack them from above. However, when he made his approach, he soon discovered just how poor his maps of the area were. To make matters worse, the harsh terrain was difficult to cross, and communications with his troops were problematic (â€Å"Battle of Adwa†). In the midst of the difficulties, many soldiers became lost. Eventually there was so much confusion, that a two mile gap opened up between the Italian forces (Blake). That presented an opportunity for the Ethiopians, who quickly filled in the gap with their own soldiers. As the battle continued on, it was Menelik and his men who got the high ground, and hit Baratieris army from above. In the end, it was an embarrassing loss for Italy, where 289 officers, 2,918 Europeans, and 2,000 Askari were killed (â€Å"Battle of Adwa†). Because that devastating loss, Italy was forced to sign the treaty of Addis Ababa in 1896, ending the war on Meneliks terms (Blake). During 1935, Italy again decided to attack Ethiopia at the behest of Mussolini. This time, yet another governor of Eritrea, Emilio De Bono, was put in charge of the attack. Yet again geography put the Italians at a disadvantage. On October 3, 1935, De Bono approached into Ethiopia, andShow MoreRelatedThe Revolutionary Era Took Place From 1763-17891374 Words   |  6 Pages Second Continental Congress, State house (now Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, new members included Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson, Virginian, drafted Declaration of Independence in early summer 1776. Franklin and Adams helped revise the Declaration of Independence in justifying the need for independence. July 4, 1776, Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence. Declaration of Independence signed by 56 delegates of the Second ContinentalRead MoreThe Whining Nigger and Benjamin Banneker1344 Words   |  6 Pagesnew federal city (the original District of Columbia) that would become the nations capital. A notice first printed in the Georgetown Weekly Ledger and later copied in other newspapers stated that Ellicott was attended by Benjamin Banneker, an Ethiopian, whose abilities, as a surveyor, and an astronomer, clearly prove that Mr. Jeffersons concluding that race of men were void of mental endowments, was without foundation. In 1792, Banneker published an almanac, based on his own painstakingly calculatedRead MoreNationalism : Issues And Achievements1217 Words   |  5 Pagessovereignty, French Somaliland was in fact not Somali at all, but Ethiopian. But the Issa became more compelled to immigrate and dominated the Djiboutian. During this time, governmental roles only constituted French and Arab business leaders, not indigenous Afar peoples. Political consciousness was awakened once Nasser’s Revolution in Egypt took place, which disseminated its anti-colonial and pro-nationalist message. The Algerian War of Independence whose ripple effect was felt all over the Maghreb furtherRead MoreIs the Stability of the Horn of Africa Contingent on a Peace Agreement Between Ethiopia and Eritrea?1410 Words   |  6 Pagesthen the Horn of Africa as a region will follow suit thus bringing stability to this region. Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa. Ethiopia’s population is 64.1 million and the national capital is Addis Ababa. Eritrea gained independence from Ethiopia in May 1993. Eritrea’s population is 4.1 million and the national capital is Asmara. â€Å"Eritrea was an Italian colony for sixty years prior to becoming united to Ethiopia in a Federation from 1952 until 1962. Ethiopia annexed EritreaRead MoreAfrican Voices : African American1551 Words   |  7 Pagestake from eighteenth century was greed and domination. The greed of the Europeans for the precious metal caused the exploitation of the enslaved Africans Judging from the excerpts from Nzinga Mbemba and more we can conceive that the decline of independence of Kà ´ngo began early. After Alfonzos death the country had many seeking the throne. The people of Kà ´ngo were taken and sold for commodities. However, the terrible journeys they embarked on were nothing of the violence they would face in the AmericasRead MoreThe Cultural Norms Of Ethiopia1545 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation of the country strives to sustain its independence. In Africa, the things that the residents value the most comprise of religion, languages, events and festivals, music, food, and art. The three major groups of people within Ethiopia comprise of the Gallas, Shankellas, and Amharas. For the Amharas, they mostly operate as farmers while they reside in Ethiopian northern central highlands. The group comprises of around a third of the entire Ethiopian population both politically and culturally (GetahunRead MoreEthiopi A Country Living Of Poverty900 Words   |à ‚  4 PagesUnfortunately, Ethiopia is considered to be a country living in poverty. However, Ethiopians are continuously striving towards perfecting their country. The people of Ethiopia are determined to rise above the challenges and put forth the effort to fix their state of poverty. In the following portfolio, the author will compare and contrast the key features in Ethiopia, observe the future challenges and directions that health care is striving to achieve, and describe the key contributions that helpRead MoreBlack Gold : The World Coffee Market And An Ethiopian Fair Trade Cooperative1553 Words   |  7 Pagesworld coffee market and an Ethiopian fair trade cooperative. Ethiopia being the birthplace of coffee is the largest producer of coffee in the world, producing some of the highest quality of coffee beans in the world, like Harar, Yuban and Sidamo types of coffee. The significant problems pointed out in this documentary show what is wrong in the global trading system. Ma inly, while most of us continue have our lattes and specialty coffees, the amount paid to the Ethiopian coffee farmers is so lowRead MoreSomalias Struggle for Power Essay example1524 Words   |  7 PagesSomali Never Ending Wars Somali and Ethiopians share a long history of power struggle over disputed border boundaries. The earliest hostile encounters between Somali and Ethiopians, dates back to the sixteenth century during Imam Ahmed Ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi or Ahmed Gran’s jihad (holy war) (Gorman, 1981). Gran’s Muslim forces took control of a vast portion of Ethiopia and forced thousand to convert to Islam that left a deep physiological affect between Ethiopians and Somali’s. Ahmed Gran’s, successRead MoreThe International Price Of Coffee1004 Words   |  5 Pagesextensive coffee trade can only get paltry profits from the world market. Black Gold is a documentary about Ethiopian coffee farmers’ struggle to seek fairer prices for their products. The mainline follows a man named Tadesse Meskela, who works as a general manager for the Oromia Coffee Farmers Co-Operative Union. He traveled between developed countries and his nation Ethiopia, trying to sell Ethiopian coffee beans into a better deal in order to provide the farmers a greater profit. As the documentary reveals

Creation Vs Evolution Essay Example For Students

Creation Vs Evolution Essay There are many different life forms on earth. New species and different sub species are evolving every second as others die out. In order to explain the origin of life, people have used the bible story of creation, while others came up with their own theories. Out of all those theories, the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin seems to have the most supporting evidence to back it up. Evidence on earth suggests that single cell creatures are the ancestors of all life. These organisms slowly evolved into air breathing creatures when oxygen was created. Slowly, the as land dried up, these creatures moved away from the water and on to land where they evolved legs and a strong back bone. The theory of evolution by Charles Darwin explained how life evolved from survival of the fittest, it provides a logical explanation of the evolutionary process these creatures took, and how human came to be. Evidence on earth shows that single cell organisms eventually evolved to multicelled organisms and complex beings. If you look at old fossil records, the oldest fossils are all single cell creatures. These simple creatures do not require oxygen to live. It took in energy from the sun and other energy sources. Slowly as oxygen begins to appear on Earth, some of the organisms began to evolve lungs to breathe oxygen because When free oxygen entered the picture. Breathing is more efficient than drawing energy from the fermentation process that earlier microscope life used. (Science: Biology Pg. 36) Other organisms that did not evolve lungs either died out or went down to deeper depths of the ocean; Oxygen was first consider a pollutant by microscopic creatures. (Evolution Pg. 36) Because of the free Oxygen those who did not change were killed. The evolution through natural selection and survival of the fittest shows that Darwin theory is correct. Due to the lack of oxygen within the ocean , fish slowly evolved to the condition of land. Due to the sudden increase in the population of fish and other marine organism. Due to the sudden increase in the population of marines life, the oxygen level within the ocean decreased. Scientist believe that the lung fish evolved because of a lack of oxygen in the sea. The lung fish learned to rise from the sea and breathe in the oxygen necessary for survival. (Evolution evidence Pg. 38) As more land emerges and dry, rain collected and formed fresh water lakes and rivers. Some of the fish became stranded by the receding ocean. Many fish that became stranded died because they were not able to adapt to the new environment; those fish needed salt water to lived died. But some adapted to their environment. (Evolution Pg. 38) The lobe fin fish was another evolutionary path fish toke to avoid the lack of oxygen in the sea. Fossil record shows that lobe finned lung fish took another evolutionary path. (Microsoft Encarta Pg. 2) The lobe fin fish was almost capable of leaving the water. It only needed more muscles in the joints to be able to lift it self up, because of this many people believe that the lobe fin fish was the ancestor of early reptilian creatures. The different evolutionary paths the fish have taken shows that life changes in responses to different environmental conditions. Fossil records in South America, reveals that there are many sub species of the human race. The fossil of Neanderthal man was discover shortly after Darwin published his book on evolution.. The Neanderthal man was consider to be an ancestor of mankind because of the size of the skull which suggested that it had a small brain. The sloping forehead is also an indication that it is a ancestor of the human race. Not long after the discovery of the Neanderthal was found in the 1890s. This fossil was called the Java Man, the Java Man was not consider the missing link between humans and apes. Language Arts Intervention Programs Increase Student Achievement EssayScientists also noticed that embryos of many different animals looked so similarthat it was hard to tell them apart. Embryos are organisms at early stages ofdevelopment. These similarities show that similar genes are present. The factthat early development of fish, birds, and humans is similar shows that theseanimals share a common ancestor, who had a particular gene sequence thatcontrolled its early development. That sequence has been passed on to thespecies that descended from it. In the embryos of many animals the limbs thatdevelop look very similar. But as the embryos mature, the limbs grow into arms,legs, flippers that differ greatly in form and function. These differentforelimbs evolved in a series of evolutionary changes that altered the structureand appearance of the arm and leg bones of different animals. Each type of limbis adapted in a different way to help the organism survive in its environment. Structures like these, which meet different needs but develop from the same bodyparts, are called homologous structures. This is all additional evidence ofdescent from a common ancestor. There are other theories for the origin ofspecies including special creation and panspermia. Special creation involveshumans. Many people believe that humans were created by God; so the theories ofevolution go against their religions especially why they do not see Godshands in the process. As for panspermia, it suggests that life could haveoriginated somewhere else and came to us from space. This might be possible butthere is actually no supporting evidence for it. Paleontology has also played abig role in the study of evolution. Over the years, paleontologists havecollected millions of fossils to make up the fossil record. The fossil recordrepresents the preserved history of the Earths organisms. Paleontologistshave assembled great evolutionary histories for many animal groups. An examplewould be lo oking at probable relationships between ancient animals whoseevolutionary line gave rise to todays modern horse. The fossil record alsotells us that change followed change on Earth. Scientists can use radioactivityto determine the actual age of rocks. In rocks, radioactive elements decay intonon-radioactive elements at a very steady rate. Scientists measure this rate ofradioactive decay in a unit called a half-life. A half-life is the length oftime required for half the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay. Eachradioactive elements has a different half-life. Carbon-14 is particularly usefulbecause it can be used to date material that was once alive. Because carbon-14is present in the atmosphere, livings things take it into their bodies whiletheyre alive. So the relative amount of carbon-14 in organic material cantell us how long ago this material stopped taking in new carbon into its system. That was the time it died. Then, a graph is used to determine the time. This isthe way scientists can deduce the approximate age of materials based on a simpledecay curve for a radioisotope. In organisms, variations in specific moleculescan indicate phylogeny; and biochemical variations can be used as anevolutionary clock. Phylogeny is the line of evolutionary descent. Biochemistrycan be used to support other evidence about revolutionary relationships, and itcan be very simple. Scientists study similar molecules in different species anddetermine how much difference there is between the molecules. The moredifference there is, the longer the time-span since the two species shared acommon ancestor. The most commonly used substances in this technique arehemoglobin , cytochrome c, and nucleic acids. Hemoglobin is suited to studyingcloser related organisms that contain hemoglobin. Cytochrome c has been used tocompare groups that are more different. The results from comparativebiochemistry lone do not prove anything, but they confirm data found using othermethods. Together, they become convincing. Today, the theory of evolution isgenerally considered to be the most important fundamental concept in thebiological sciences. Nearly all scientists support it. However, large numbers ofpeople opposed the theory when it was introduces. Still, some people do notaccept it today. Bibliography1. Arms, Camp. Chapter 17, Evolution and Natural Selection,Chapter 21, Origin of Life. Biology. Bonnie Boehme. Fourth Edition. The United States of America. Harcourt Brace College Publishers; 1995. Pages352-372, 440-455 2. Curtis, Barnes. Chapter 46, Evolution: Theory andEvidence, Chapter 48,Natural Selection, Chapter 49 Onthe Origin of Species. Biology. Sally Anderson. Fifth Edition. New York,USA; Worth; 1989: Pages 961-973, 991-1029 3. Roberts, M.B.V. Chapter 34, Evolution in Evidence, Chapter 35,The Mechanism of Evolution,Biology. Fourth Edition. Surrey, UK; Nelson; 1986: Pages 560-616 4. The WorldBook Encyclopedia. World Book, inc. London: v.6; Pages 406-413Evolution. 5. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, inc. Chicago: v.4; Page 623 Evolution. 6. http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/faqs-evolution.html7. http://www.wku.edu/smithch/index1.htm 8. http://bioinfo.med.utoronto.ca/lamoran/Evolution_home.shtml

Isaac Newton Essays (2567 words) - Copernican Revolution

Isaac Newton Thesis Statement: Through his early life experiences and with the knowledge left by his predecessors, Sir Isaac Newton was able to develop calculus, natural forces, and optics. From birth to early childhood, Isaac Newton overcame many personal, social, and mental hardships. It is through these experiences that helped create the person society knows him as in this day and age. The beginning of these obstacles started at birth for Newton. Isaac was born premature on Christmas Day 1642, in the manor house of Woolsthorpe, 7 miles south of Grantham in Lincolnshire. It is said that "Because Galileo, . . . had died that year, a significance attaches itself to 1642" (Westfall 1). Though his father had died before Isaac was born, he was given his father's name. He was born into a farming family that had worked their way slowly up the "social ladder". The Newton's were one of the few families to prosper in Lincolnshire (Westfall 1). At the age of three Isaac's life would take a drastic turn. When Isaac was three his mother, Hannah Ayscough, remarried to the Reverend Barnabas Smith (Internet-newtonia). Isaac and the Reverend never got along and the Reverend would not have a child that was not his living with him. Isaac stayed with his grandparents when his mother went to live with the Reverend in North Witham. His maternal grandmother raised Isaac until he was ten. It is believed that his mother's second marriage and her leaving caused many problems for Isaac as a child. While living with his grandparents he attended day school nearby in Skillington and Stoke. Isaac was surrounded by many cousins and other family members in the surrounding area though, "He formed no bond with any of his numerous relatives that can be traced later in his life" (Westfall 11). In 1653 his mother returned after her second husband died. With her she brought one half brother and two half sisters. Although it is not known, bitterness may have inflicted Isaac when his three new siblings arrived. Never the less, two years later at the age of twelve he was sent to Grantham to attend grammar school. While attending grammar school Isaac lived with the apothecary Mr. Clark (Westfall 12). Mr. Clark had three stepchildren from the first marriage of his wife, Miss Storer, who were also living in his house. In school and at home Isaac was apparently different and did not get along with any other boys. He was often in fights and remembered only one nice boy from school, Chrichloe. All the other boys seemed to hate him. He was more comfortable in the company of girls. He made doll furniture for Mr. Clark's daughter. From this Isaac's first and last romantic experience developed. "Indeed, as the two grew older, something of a romance apparently developed between him and Miss Storer" (Westfall 13). From doll furniture Newton moved on to other little machines. He used all the money his mother sent him to buy tools and filled his room with the machines. He fell in love with Mr. Clark's library and would read as often as possible. At times he would spend so much time on projects that he would fall behind in school. When he realized he was falling behind all Isaac had to do was pick up his textbook and would immediately be caught up. Through his machines Newton became proficient in drawing and his inventions steadily became more elaborate. At the age of seventeen in 1659, Newton left Mr. Clark and had another life changing experience. When Newton was seventeen his mother took him out of school and brought him back to the family farm. Trying to teach him how to run the farm and manage the estate was a failure. Newton would always bribe a hired hand to do the work he was supposed to. When he was supposed to be in town selling produce he would go to his old room in Mr. Clark's house and read or play with his machines. In all of his spare time he returned to inventing and building machines. Newton's uncle and old schoolmaster saw that he was in the wrong trade and urged his mother to prepare him to attend the University (Westfall 17). In 1660 he returned to Grantham to finish grammar school and prepare for the university. In June of 1661 Newton entered Trinity College, Cambridge (Internet-groups). While at Cambridge Newton studied mathematics (Internet-newtonia). This is when Newton first started to delve into the many discoveries he would soon be making.

Tree Symbolism Essay Example

Tree Symbolism Essay Example Tree Symbolism Paper Tree Symbolism Paper People may often ask themselves why they should learn about tree symbolism. Many people would probably say the meaning of trees does not interest them. But knowing what tree symbolism means goes beyond knowing the healing properties of a tree, its elemental correspondences, or its mythological associations. Tree symbolism is a way of classifying, identifying, and organizing the array of energetic knowledge they contain and incorporating this array in peoples daily lives. Human minds are beginning to touch this understanding: To know something is also to Join with it. To Join in an understanding of life causes association with it. When we start to understand tree symbolism, we can then further our perspective into four basic concepts: cultural/historic perspectives of trees, biological functions of trees, energetic resonance of trees, and environment of trees. The beech, birch, willow, and cedar are all used symbolically throughout history to enhance beliefs, offer concrete examples, and connect meaning. The beech tree is native to North America, Europe, and Asia. These trees grow slowly and usually reach a height of 120 feet, with branches expanding to 50 feet ide. Beech trees produce edible nuts and are commonly used as timber for floors, furniture, cabinets, barrels, and toys. The trees are known to symbolize tolerance, past knowledge, and softening criticism. The beech is known for tolerance; for instance, the tree can withstand different soil conditions and habitats. Past knowledge is another symbol; beech trees hold the knowledge of the power of the written word. History reveals that the first European literature was written on beech bark. Beech is the tree of the discovery of lost wisdom, and the individual must learn ot to discount the knowledge and teachings of the past. This type of tree reminds us to soften over-criticalness due to individuals written and spoken communication to accomplish tasks more effectively. The birch tree symbolizes new beginning and renewal. This tree represents the symbol of new beginnings; therefore, the wood is tough, heavy, and straight grained, making it suitable for handles and toys and good for turning. Traditionally, babies cradles were made of birch wood, drawing on the earlier symbolism of new beginnings. The birch trees ability to adapt toa variety of conditions and repopulate quickly after a fire made it a sacred symbol of renewal. Birch trees provided food, medicine, textiles for clothing, shoes, and material for building a shelter. Willow tree meanings include magic, healing, inner vision, and dreams. Native Americans across the world rely on their main source of medical treatments from the tree. This use is because the willow contained acetylsalicylic acid, also known as a form of aspirin. However, its known to people that if they make a wand out of the illow bark and put it underneath their pillow, they will be able to remember their inner vision and dreams at night better. In the 19th century (and earlier), women who dwell upon the death of a loved one showed photographs or drawings including one or more mourners in dark dresses bent over a tombstone with a willow tree a symbol of death, tears, mourning, and reflection. Perhaps this is the origin of the Another tree, called cedar, is found throughout the world and symbolizes healing, cleansing, and protection. All the cedar trees have a fragrance that is leansing and protecting. Cedar is said to be used in rituals and ceremonies to prepare a person or area. Native Americans used it for purification purposes. A staff made from cedar wood has the energy of protection, and it can open opportunities to heal imbalances of emotional distress. Cedar is a tree whose spirit and principle will strengthen and enhance any inner potentials of an individual. This is tied to strong healing energies that cleanse the body, especially at night while the individual sleeps. Cedar helps individuals to balance their emotional and mental odies and can stimulate dream activity, which brings inspiration and calm. In conclusion, throughout history trees have been powerful symbols to many people of different cultures. Therefore, trees of life represent the knowledge of good and evil and invite people to absorb their essences. Trees symbolize life and growth by reaching down to the ground and up to the sky at the same time. The deep- rooted meaning of trees is apparent in common metaphors such as the Tree of Life and our ancestral heritage depicted in family trees.

How to Grow Color Change Crystals

How to Grow Color Change Crystals If you enjoy growing crystals, try this simple project that produces large crystals that change color from yellow to green to blue depending on light and temperature.   The crystals grow over a few hours to overnight and are sure to amaze! Color Change Crystal Materials Two chemicals react to produce the color change in the crystals: 10 grams potassium alum (potassium aluminum sulfate)3 grams red prussiate [potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)]50 milliliters hot water Alum is easy to find, but youll likely need to order red prussiate online. Another option is to simply order a color change crystal kit. The one by Thames and Kosmos is reliable and includes a total of three experiments. Prepare the Solution and Grow Crystals In a small clear container, simply dissolve the potassium alum and red prussiate in 50 milliliters of hot water. It make take a few minutes for the salts to fully dissolve. If you still have undissolved material after a couple of minutes, you can carefully set your container inside another larger container of very hot water, to act as a hot water bath and help the salts dissolve.Once the chemicals are dissolved, set your container of chemicals in a location where the crystals can grow without being disturbed.Youll start to see tiny crystals after 30 minutes to a couple of hours. Crystal growth should be complete overnight to a couple of days, depending mostly on temperature and the humidity of the air. At this point, the crystals will be yellowish green or green, depending on the temperature at which they grew.When you are satisfied with the crystal growth, use a spoon to remove the crystals from the container. You can set them on a saucer to dry. Dispose of the chemical solution by pouring it down the drain and rinsing with water. The easiest way to observe the color change is to divide the crystals between two containers. Place one container in a dark cabinet or closet and put the other container on a sunny window sill.Check on your crystals each day. Over time, the crystals in the sunlight will change color from yellow to green to blue. The crystals in the dark will remain yellow. The color change could take a couple of days, but in my experience, you see it within an hour or two. When I took the photo, the crystal on the left was canary yellow, but darkened to yellowish green under the bright lights How Color Changes Crystals Work Light and heat supply the energy to cause  a chemical reaction between the alum and red prussiate to produce Prussian blue or Berlin blue. This is an iron-based dye still in use today for blue ink cartridges and paints. Make Prussian Blue InkUse Prussian Blue in a Crystal Garden Safety Information The chemicals used in this project are safe to use, but you should wash your hands after handling the crystals, because the red prussiate and your crystals contain iron, which can be toxic if you get too much. Keep the chemicals and crystals out of reach of pets and young children for this reason. The kitchen is a perfect place to mix the solution and grow crystals, but be careful you dont get burned by the hot water and be sure to keep the chemicals and crystals away from food. Rinse any kitchen cookware you use so it doesnt have chemical residue. More Chemicals That Grow Crystals

How to Grow Color Change Crystals

How to Grow Color Change Crystals If you enjoy growing crystals, try this simple project that produces large crystals that change color from yellow to green to blue depending on light and temperature.   The crystals grow over a few hours to overnight and are sure to amaze! Color Change Crystal Materials Two chemicals react to produce the color change in the crystals: 10 grams potassium alum (potassium aluminum sulfate)3 grams red prussiate [potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)]50 milliliters hot water Alum is easy to find, but youll likely need to order red prussiate online. Another option is to simply order a color change crystal kit. The one by Thames and Kosmos is reliable and includes a total of three experiments. Prepare the Solution and Grow Crystals In a small clear container, simply dissolve the potassium alum and red prussiate in 50 milliliters of hot water. It make take a few minutes for the salts to fully dissolve. If you still have undissolved material after a couple of minutes, you can carefully set your container inside another larger container of very hot water, to act as a hot water bath and help the salts dissolve.Once the chemicals are dissolved, set your container of chemicals in a location where the crystals can grow without being disturbed.Youll start to see tiny crystals after 30 minutes to a couple of hours. Crystal growth should be complete overnight to a couple of days, depending mostly on temperature and the humidity of the air. At this point, the crystals will be yellowish green or green, depending on the temperature at which they grew.When you are satisfied with the crystal growth, use a spoon to remove the crystals from the container. You can set them on a saucer to dry. Dispose of the chemical solution by pouring it down the drain and rinsing with water. The easiest way to observe the color change is to divide the crystals between two containers. Place one container in a dark cabinet or closet and put the other container on a sunny window sill.Check on your crystals each day. Over time, the crystals in the sunlight will change color from yellow to green to blue. The crystals in the dark will remain yellow. The color change could take a couple of days, but in my experience, you see it within an hour or two. When I took the photo, the crystal on the left was canary yellow, but darkened to yellowish green under the bright lights How Color Changes Crystals Work Light and heat supply the energy to cause  a chemical reaction between the alum and red prussiate to produce Prussian blue or Berlin blue. This is an iron-based dye still in use today for blue ink cartridges and paints. Make Prussian Blue InkUse Prussian Blue in a Crystal Garden Safety Information The chemicals used in this project are safe to use, but you should wash your hands after handling the crystals, because the red prussiate and your crystals contain iron, which can be toxic if you get too much. Keep the chemicals and crystals out of reach of pets and young children for this reason. The kitchen is a perfect place to mix the solution and grow crystals, but be careful you dont get burned by the hot water and be sure to keep the chemicals and crystals away from food. Rinse any kitchen cookware you use so it doesnt have chemical residue. More Chemicals That Grow Crystals

Creatively and play with in early year curriculm Essay

Creatively and play with in early year curriculm - Essay Example Since children are naturally creative, there are also many ways to integrate creativity development in such key learning area. This paper will analyze how creativity can be harnessed in communication, language and literacy activities in the foundation stage. Defining Creativity According to the Reggio Emilia approach, Thornton (2005), states that creativity is essential to successful learning as it enables children to make connections between the different areas of learning which in turn extends their understanding (Rinaldi, 2006). Hood (2008) states that Creativity is a state of mind in which all of our intelligences are working together, he goes on to predict that it involves the basic senses within a human whereby seeing, thinking and generating ideas can be incorporated into any subject at school or in any aspect of life (Hood 2008). Therefore it is essential that children are regularly asked questions and given the opportunity to ask questions in order to further stimulate their creative learning thus increasing their self – esteem and confidence (Hood, 2008). Creativity is a quality which can have many advantages as it can be used within many aspects in the child’s later life (Cullingford, 2007). ... This implies that children need to have a variety of experiences to draw from when they develop ideas or when they try to associate one thought with another to come up with a new viewpoint. Developing Creativity in the Key Learning Area of Communication, Language and Literacy Loris Malaguzzi (1998) believes that â€Å"Creativity should not be considered a separate mental faculty but a characteristic of our way of thinking, knowing and making choices† (Malaguzzi, 1998, p.75). Children naturally express such creativity in their natural communication. Their communications may be expressed in various forms or â€Å"languages†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ in words, drawing, artwork, three-dimensional constructions, music and movement. Young children do not express their ideas in just one form but move naturally and easily between â€Å"languages†. They may vacillate from drawing, speaking, singing and moving (Fawcett & Hay, 2004). This is consistent with the key learning area of Communica tion, Language and Literacy development in the Early Years Foundation Stage. Children’s stories are valuable because they present so many benefits to a child’s development. Among the benefits is engaging them in creative imagination as they picture the story unfold in their minds. In practice, storytelling activities are made exciting for children that pupils look forward to story time. It is a time when they imagine wonderful things and then do something fun and creative after, to help them remember the story. Otto (2010) discusses that effective storybook reading techniques involve three parts namely pre-reading, reading and post-reading. These stages are equally important in the appreciation of a story. Before

Examine the extent to which Aneurin Bevan succeeded in overcoming the Essay

Examine the extent to which Aneurin Bevan succeeded in overcoming the obstacles which he encountered in achieving his vision for a national health service in th - Essay Example However, the NHS as an institution for providing better health services, despite all its constraints, became hugely popular with doctors and patients. Today it forms an integral part of British health and medical services. This, from a long term perspective, may be seen as Bevan’s lasting contribution to his country, and affords him an important place in the annals of its public health system. In the British post war general election Labour secured a thumping majority. This enabled the government to commence the implementation of the promises made to the British electorate in their party Election Manifesto; these promises, among others, included improved housing facilities and reforms in industry, education and health. In the sphere of health services, the Manifesto had stated that â€Å"(these facilities) should be available free for all. Money must no longer be the passport to the best treatment.† (Labour Party Manifesto 1945) It was Aneurin Bevan, (1897-1960) the Health Minister in premier Clement Atlee’s cabinet who was charged with the main responsibility of implementing the Labour Party vision. The task was tough, despite the party’s majority in the government, and there were several obstacles in the implementation of this plan. Bevan himself was clear about the goal to be achieved for the British Health System: simply put, none should be denied medical help and treatment on the grounds that he/she couldn’t afford to pay for it. He brooked no dilution of this ideal, and took a non-compromising stand on it. (Remember his famous one-liner that those who favoured the middle of the road, only got run over?) When Bevan articulated his vision, Britain already had a National Health Insurance Act1 But Bevan highlighted its inadequacies, pointing out that The National Health Insurance System provided medical care only for 21 million persons, while

Cesar Guarin First Filipino Ultra-Marathoner Essay Example for Free

Cesar Guarin First Filipino Ultra-Marathoner Essay Will you gamble your own welfare for the sake of others? Cesar Guarin, a 56-year-old entrepreneur and the first Filipino, first Asian and fourth person in history to run around the world proved that with a strong determination and with a purpose to help, anyone can bring their dream into reality. Guarin is known as the â€Å"Father of the Philippines Ultramarathon†. He joined Global Run which considered as one-of-a-kind marathon and the toughest run ever that began 1983 and will end in 2016. He already finished the first four legs of his Global Run wherein he run 11,583 kilometers from 1983 to 2009. After his last run in US-Canada (2009), he will again venture in another run, 2,053 kms. in the Australia marathon, the fifth leg of his Global Run. After completing the Australia leg, he will run across- Middle East (2012), England-Norway (2012), Finlan-Moscow (2013), Egypt-Israel-Jordan (2013), Japan-Korea (2014), India-Myanmar (2014) and Thailan-Singapore (2014) to complete the marathon. Despite of different hindrances like injuries, Guarin continuously run and this time it’s for a mission. He started a fund raising projects called â€Å"Batang Pangarap† and â€Å"Global Run, Alay sa Pilipino† to help poverty alleviation in the Philippines, to reduce the number of children on the street by encouraging them to venture into sports, to campaign the tourism of the Philippines and to show his appreciation to the Filipino community abroad for helping the country (Philippines). Guarin as an Ultramarathoner showed to the world that Filipino is a one-of-a-kind race.

Inherit The Wind Essay -- essays research papers

Brady and Drummond, two former partners, beginning their legal lives working together. Now each one strives to be superior, confident in their ways and beliefs, trying to out-do the other. Despite a common goal, the two gradually became very different people, as is evident in the play and movie,Inherit the Wind. Throughout the years, as each one fought cases, established a name for themselves, and gained popularity (or notoriety), they kept a careful watch on the other. Learning of the others triumphs, which pushed them to try even harder, become more set in their ways, believing that their heterogeneous beliefs were right, and that if they kept those beliefs the focus of their existence, they could eventually prove themselves the victor. Yet the two had never met head-on in court. They both knew that until so, everything they did, every case they fought and one, would only be a form of practice, and a silent taunt at their foe. But until they truly fought together in court, this two man war would never be over. Thus, when the time finally arrived, when the two ingenious legal warriors who had trained together met at last for that one final battle to the death, they entered Hillsboro planning to put every single legal idea and tactic they had used and believed in over the years to work, believing that they had followed the correct path and that their long thought over battle plan was superior to the other’s. Brady loved the public. He knew that, even before the time of radio and television, if he controlled the media, he controlled the masses. Thus, his first move every time was to choose the side which the public sided with, knowing that people listened to what they wanted to hear, which would be him, so he would essentially become the media. And thus, he would create a flock of loyal followers. And with the public behind him, a case was usually much simpler. Besides, he loved being adored by people. He relied upon public approval and easy answers for legal guidance, as was evident when, upon hearing some of his former admirers turn to Drummond’s side, he broke down in tears. He enjoyed using the people as a weapon. Upon hearing the news of Drummond being appointed as the defense, he quickly realized a chance to gain the upper hand in the battle he had been preparing for his entire life. Before the townspeople had even met Drummond, he... ...portant battle for free speech, and man’s right to think. Brady, on the other hand, when faced with the revival of his seemingly unstoppable foe and a major setback for which he had not planned, instead of handling it in a sophisticated manner, as Drummond did, fell to pieces. He became flustered and began looking for pity in what was left of his flock of ignorant followers upon seeing part of his legal empire crumble and collapse. As he scrambled to pick up the pieces, he lost more and more until he was left with only a shred of his former greatness. Even after he had been declared the winner (though he knew that, in reality, Drummond had been the one who truly emerged victorious from this brawl of words and law), he fought to regain his once loyal group of admirers, as he watched many of them walking out of the courtroom door, their backs turned upon him. He screamed over the din, trying to regain something, anything, he once had. And all this only took from him the one thing he still had left... the steady beating of a human heart. And Drummond, Bible and Darwin in hand, was the only one of the two extremely different ex-partners to walk out of the courtroom that day.

About a Boy film review

Will Freeman (Hugh Grant; – Bridget Jones's Diary) is enjoying his rich, meaningless life, living off of his dad's Christmas song as a bachelor who lives in London. He is a lazy, self-centred man who thinks about no-one but himself. Will is a player; he joins a single parent group called SPAT (Single Parents Alone Together). He goes to these meetings and ends up going on a date. She has to bring her best friend's son called Marcus Brewer (Nicholas Hoult). When they get back to Marcus's house they find Marcus's mother; Fiona (Toni Collete), unconscious on a sofa after a suicide attempt. Fiona recovers and Marcus realises two people is not enough. Marcus calls up Will and arranges them to go to dinner. Marcus starts to follow Will and finds out his doesn't have a child. Marcus starts coming to Wills; watching television and they become friends. Marcus and Fiona spend Christmas and New Year's with Will. At the SPAT group Will meets another woman called Rachel. She believes Marcus is Will's son and he plays along. He then realises where he went wrong and he tells her and he realises what he is. Fiona starts to cry before Marcus goes to school and he worries for her, and before she had told him, his voice makes her happy. He decides to sing at a school concert to make her happy. The next part is for you to find out. Will invites some people around his flat for Christmas, and Rachel is there. This film was directed by Paul and Chris Weisz; they directed American Pie. About a Boy is quite similar to that film. Also it was written by Nick Hornby who also wrote the book High Fidelity. He has turned lots of books into films and has had his novel published in 1998: Fever Pitch. The music was written and performed by Badly Drawn Boy, Damon Gough, Nick Hornby asked him to provide music for the entire movie. Hornby believes his music had the power to enchant and change people. The main themes of this movie are; Growing up (changing), Consequences of suicide, Family & Friends (Love), Responsibilities, Relationships, Truth & Honesty and Single-parents. The scene that really stood in my mind is when Marcus commits social suicide where he sings ‘Killing Me Softly' for his Mum to make her happy. Will convinces Fiona to go and watch, and Will drives her up to the concert. Marcus had paid a boy in his school to play with him, but he wouldn't play so Marcus goes out on stage himself; Can Will Stop Marcus from singing? The audience claps Marcus onto the stage and then he starts to sing and they laugh at his face is shown by a close-up on him and zooms out changing from time to time. Will comes onstage playing a guitar and plays backup. When they finished Will carried on playing the guitar expressing his, weird but funny, feelings. Rachel notices Will is not just thinking about himself for a change. This compares with the theme of changing people as Will used to think about nobody but himself but now he thinks about helping Marcus. This gives the effect that people can change if they really try to. If you wanted to make the film better, I feel that you wouldn't have to change that much. The thing I would change is the music should be varied, as the same style of music and get repetitive. Most films do not always have the same genre of music in. Other than that, I do not have any other criticisms. This is a really brilliant film and I could watch it over and over again.

How Reading As A Young Child Encouraged Essay

When I was a young boy, while my other friends were busy playing ball, riding bicycles, playing games and doing other forms of leisure, I was always listening to my mother as she read comic books to my ears. My mother would always read the interesting comic books to my attentive ears; I would sit with my mother on the sofa as she read the comic books to my ears. I grew up from listening to my mother to reading the comic books on my own. My mother always bought me several books to read every week, as soon as I finished reading one book there was always another book to be read. I developed interest in several comic books, ranging from Iron Man, Spiderman and the likes. I inculcated the habit of reading right from a very tender age. My early reading habit really helped me in life as I developed an undying love for reading and improved greatly on my writing. While growing, I developed from reading comic books to reading more voluminous books, newspaper articles, magazines, novels etc. Books were packed in the shelves of our house. My friends always called our house a library. Reading was always the only option to kill boredom. My flare for reading encouraged me to get involved in writing as I discovered that the more I read the better I wrote. I could relate what I read in several books and combine them into writing something better. My reading habit really boosted my diction and I learnt new words each day I picked up a book to read. I learnt the rules of language, my grammar was greatly improved. Over the years I garnered a lot of experience from reading both fictional and true life stories. I applied some of the knowledge acquired from reading these books to various aspects of my life. Reading lots of books gave me a hint on the ways writers wrote, the style of language used and how best to communicate to a particular audience. I am a testimony of the quote that says that â€Å"A good reader is a good writer†. The more I read, the more I improved on my reading speed and grasped new ideas on how to write. Reading frequently made me a better reader and a good writer. I developed from reading for fun to reading for the acquisition of knowledge. Books like; the Richest man in Babylon, Thinking Big, the tale of two cities and many others were already in the long list of books that I have read . My whole life was affected positively by my reading habit as I read several motivational books that have been spurring me to achieve greatness in life. Through writing I could now transfer my thoughts and imaginations into a book or piece of article. The knowledge that I have acquired over time is what has made me the better person I am today. As I now read more, write better, have better grammar and have become a better man. The saying that you are what you read and you are an expression of what you write is definitely true as I have noticed tremendous changes in my life as a result of the past books I have read. I will have to thank my mother for imbibing the culture of reading in me; if not for her I would not have been a good writer and would definitely not be what I have been fashioned out to be today.

Book Design EVERYTHING You Need to Know

Book Design EVERYTHING You Need to Know Book Design: EVERYTHING You Need to Know Think book design is just about creating the perfect book cover? Think again. Just as a well-written novel relies on so many various story elements coming together just so, book design takes the various elements of a book - the words, pages, cover, spine, ink, everything - and turns it into a beautiful, cohesive unit that calls to readers and invites them in. A book needs to stand out for all the right reasons, which is why it’s important that whoever is designing the book understands what the market expects.This is not intended to intimidate you! No matter what your level of publishing experience is, this guide to book design is for you! We will cover all the different areas of this subject, starting with†¦ What are your biggest #bookdesign questions? Find answers here! Designing your book’s interiorDo you have any lingering questions about book design? Which aspects seem most challenging? Leave any questions or thoughts in the comments below, and we will continue updating this post with as answers!

How to Get into a Subjunctive Mood

How to Get into a Subjunctive Mood How to Get into a Subjunctive Mood How to Get into a Subjunctive Mood By Mark Nichol The subjunctive mood is a verb form that expresses any one of a variety of sentiments that are in some sense not necessary true: a potential action or a possibility, a judgment or an opinion, or an emotion or a wish. Here are some examples of statements in the subjunctive mood: â€Å"If that were the case, I wouldn’t be here.† â€Å"It’s about time we went home.† â€Å"If I had been there, I would have done something.† â€Å"It is necessary for you to have followed the news to understand the joke.† â€Å"If I should fail, what will happen?† Here are statements that appear superficially similar but are presented in the indicative mood, which is employed for factual statements and positive beliefs: â€Å"If that is the case, I’m leaving.† â€Å"I want to go home now.† â€Å"Now that I’m here, I’m going to do something about it.† â€Å"Are you following the news?† â€Å"If you’re going to fail, at least do it with class.† Most of the forms in the first list and those expressing other variants of the subjunctive mood give us little or no trouble, but the form demonstrated in the first example in the first list often throws writers for a loop: For example, do you write â€Å"I wish I was rich,† or â€Å"I wish I were rich†? Frequently, people erroneously use the indicative mood when they should use the subjunctive. For example, â€Å"He asked me if I was in charge† uses the indicative mood, so it seems natural to use the same form of the verb â€Å"to be† (was) for a similar but conditional sentence: â€Å"If I was in charge, I would do things differently.† But is that right? To test the form you’ve used to see whether it is correct, reorder the syntax so the verb comes first: Does â€Å"Was I in charge, I would do things differently† make sense, or is â€Å"Were I in charge, I would do things differently† logical? The latter sentence is obviously the correct one, so the proper sentence starting with â€Å"If I† is â€Å"If I were in charge, I would do things differently.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs EnquireConnotations of 35 Words for Funny PeopleWhat is an Anagram?

Equal Opportunities policy in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Equal Opportunities policy in UK - Essay Example The policy covers all aspects of employment, from vacancy advertising, selection recruitment and training to conditions of service and reasons for termination of employment. In order to ensure the effective operation of the policy the company/ organisation/firm/practice/etc maintains records of employees' and applicants' racial origins, gender and disability. The company's/organisation's/firm's/practice/etc long term aim is that the composition of our workforce should reflect that of the community. Timetabled targets will be set for groups in the community that are identified as being underrepresented in the workforce. Where necessary, special steps, as permitted by the relevant Acts of Parliament, will be taken to help disadvantaged and/or underrepresented groups to compete for jobs on a genuine basis of equality. The company's/ organisation's/firm's/practice/etc Equal Opportunity Employment Policy (EOEP), and the measures to implement it, have been devised on the basis of advice from the relevant bodies as well as in consultation with appropriate union and/or employee representatives. The director of personnel/managing director/senior partner/etc, is responsible for the effective operation of the company's/ org... The director of personnel/managing director/senior partner/etc, is responsible for the effective operation of the company's/ organisation's/firm's/practice/etc EOEP. A copy of the EOEP is available from the personnel department/managing director/senior partner/etc (2005). Marshall stated that "The equal opportunities culture in mid-1990's has been one that has tended to have a narrow focus, and to fuse social justice issues with performance standards and improvement, with a greater emphasis on the latter." According to Chmiel the UK legislation does not extend to gay or lesbian workers and it provides only a framework to be adhered to thus the companies may adhere to and comply to the legislation loosely. "The basic premise of equal opportunities is that talent and ability are spread equally through all groups, including men and women, all able bodied and disabled people, and all ethnic groupings." As per the survey conducted by Honey, Meager and Williams in 1993 only one out of 20 organisations approached the legal quota of disabled employees. Discrimination was reported by 22 percent gay and lesbians when applying for jobs, 24 percent in promotions and about 50 percent due to their sexuality (1999). Chmiel further stated that women recruited and promoted under the programme Opportunity 2000 carried a 'Stigma of Incompetence', experienced lower self confidence and backlash from other members in the organisation (1999). Survey results published by Cara Aitchison stated that it was difficult to identify discrimination in recruitment, selection and promotion situations since many reasons could be effectively used as smoke screens, but discrimination occurs in day to day life such as indifferent attitudes

WOMEN AND LAW Oral presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

WOMEN AND LAW Oral presentation - Essay Example wever, section 1(1) of the Street Offences Act, 1959 (as amended by Sexual Offences Act 2003, section 56, schedule 1, paragraph 2) states that â€Å"it shall be an offence for a common prostitute whether male or female to loiter or solicit in a street or public place for the purpose of prostitution†. To understand whether Topaz’s activities qualify as an offence under Section 1(1) of the Street Offences Act, 1959 it is first essential to analyse whether Topaz qualifies as a â€Å"common prostitute†. The term â€Å"common prostitute† has not been defined by statute though it has been part of statute law since 1824. The term â€Å"common† was criticised during the debates on the Street Offences Bill, which became the Street Offences Act 1959. The Criminal Law Revision Committee Working Paper on â€Å"Offences relating to Prostitution and allied offences† published in December 1982 stated, inter alia, â€Å"the word ‘common’ should be removed from the expression, ‘common prostitute’†. In R. v. De Munck (1918) 82 J.P.160 CCA, the Court held that, â€Å"the term ‘common prostitute’ is not limited so as to mean only one who permits acts of lewdness with all and sundry, or with such as have her, when such acts are in the nature of ordinary sexual connection. We are of the opinion that prostitution is proved if it is shown that a woman offers her body commonly for lewdness for payment in return.† The decision was cited with approval by the same court in R. v. Webb [1964] 1 QB 357 where the proprietor of a massage establishment was found guilty of procuring and attempting to procure masseuses to become common prostitutes. The court followed De Munck and dismissed a contention that the definition should be confined to cases where a woman takes a passive rather than an active role in the lewd activities. In R. v. Morris-Lowe [1985] 1 ALL.E.R. 400, the court held that a â€Å"common prostitute was any woman who offered herself commonly for lewdness for reward. The

Social Media And Rational Social Conversations Essay

Social Media And Rational Social Conversations - Essay Example The rapid spread of such trending hashtags as #Gamergate portrays the extent of the damage potential of the various social media. The use of social media has therefore made it impossible for people to have rational conversations, especially on controversial matters as the discussion below portrays. Unlike the traditional media, social media lack gatekeepers. Gatekeeping is a vital aspect of media, which often serves to minimize harms caused by media contents. Televisions, radios and newspapers have professional editors and sub-editors who eliminate any form of errors thus enhancing rational communication of any form of the social issue including those that may elicit emotions (Hoffmeister 77). In case of live discussion on such media, the existence of a moderator ensures that the guests maintain rational conversations on air. Social media, on the other hand, lack moderators. This implies that they provide everyone in the entire society with an equal opportunity to share their views on a social issue. Maintaining rational thought on such emotional issues as sexism and racism among other forms of social discrimination is always difficult. The aggrieved persons will always feel the urge to retaliate. The social media provide effective platforms for such retaliation. The social media, for example, enables people to maintain a degree of anonymity while contributing to such vital social issues (Willard 54). Numerous users of the various social media use pseudonyms. This way, they can easily trade abusive words and even threaten others with actual violence without revealing their actual identity. Lack of actual identity on the social media, for example, enhances the development of irrational conversations on the numerous social media. Key among the functions of the media is agenda setting and information of the public opinion. The success of an opinion relies on the influence that the originators of such opinions enjoy. The  mainstream media enjoys immense influence on their audiences since they have systematic ways of censuring their conversations.  

Environment Of The Events And Exhibitions Industry

Environment Of The Events And Exhibitions Industry This report will focus on the environment in which GL events is currently operating. GL events started as a small company based in Lyon in 1978 providing furniture and stands for exhibitors. Through mergers and acquisitions, they have progressively evolved to become an important player in todays exhibiting and event world with 34 venues around the world, an event and exhibition full-organising service and a portfolio of 250 trade-shows in various industries (food beverage, sport leisure, health, etc.). Influencing all trends and being influenced by all trends, the exhibition and events industry is in the centre of it all. No company can succeed without being aware of the environment it is evolving in. In the exhibition and events industry, companies need to pay particular attention to details impacting not only its industry directly but also every other sector of activity as it would soon have repercussions on future events, exhibitions, product launches, etc. For this reason, a good PESTEL analysis for the industry needs to cover a broad range of issues and analyse many trends which may not influence events yet but could soon be a threat if companies do not react and stay in the times. This report will focus on a PESTEL analysis (Political, Economic, Social, Technology, Environment, Legal) of the exhibition and events industry conclude by establishing which factors GL events should most take into account going forward as they could be potential threats or areas of opportunities in the years to come. Political: There are two main political factors influencing the industry today. One is the increasing political pressures to make regulations and policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We will see in the environmental section that this trend started with consumer awareness but it is no longer just something the clients want to know more about, it has become an obligation. This has greatly impacted the transport industry, in particular airlines which found their image hit as people all around the world pointed to airplanes being a major source of pollution. This impacts the event and exhibition industry, especially at a time when various green technologies are evolving to permit meetings, conferences and even exhibitions to take place online (Long, 2009). This will be developed further in Environmental and Technology sections. The second is the increased globalisation and liberalisation of trade and deregulation (Dwyer, L and Edwards, D 2009). This is very important in terms of number of potential competitors and number of potential clients. Companies need to learn to evolve in a globalised economy, taking advantage of it by going to find new markets, possibly entering into partnerships with similar companies to widen market share and visibility. With this liberalisation of trade comes political pressure to have global higher standards of living. If you do not see your neighbours yard, you do not know that it is greener, when you break the fence, you find that it is. It is this situation that developing countries are finding themselves in today. Citizens all around the world can use internet to gain knowledge about how others are living and become envious. Because of this, countries want to attract foreign investment to boost local economies and gain wealth and higher standards of living. This creates oppo rtunities for countries not only to establish new and cheaper production lines but also to display their products in emerging markets. Last week for example, Apple launched the Iphone4 in China (AFP, 2010). Economy This last point brings us to analysing the economic trends and pressures impacting on the exhibition and events industry. Although the UNWTO 2002 forecasted world tourism to grow at a rate of 4.1% annually until 2020 (Dwyer L, Edwards D., 2009) due to rising wealth internationally, the exhibition and event industry has seen a slow in growth since 2005 but a rise in exhibition and event attendance (Biba E, 2008). This puts the industry in a rather awkward position. There are people coming to exhibitions but exhibitors have switched their approach towards events and exhibition. Indeed, especially with the recent crisis, the first expenses cut by organisations worldwide were advertising and travel. Exhibitions and events being in the centre of this, the industry was hit and forced to react. The expectations from exhibitors will be looked into more fully when we look at the social aspects of the trend but the main ideas are that companies are looking to maximise their ROI (return on investment) (Kovaleski D, 2009) and minimise the perception of frivolous spending (trips, events, etc.) (Events Managers, 2010). In order to do this, companies are squeezing suppliers to get more value for money and investigating the return on investment of their events much more closely and looking at alternatives more then they did before. Companies are not so much cutting their exhibition and event spending so much as allocating it more carefully and with conditions of an assured return (Biba E, 2007). This has changed to job of the event organiser who needs to think of more in novative ways that the company can use to introduce their product. A leaflet handout at the exhibition is no longer sufficient, people want to be amused, entertained, really involved in the product (Furness V., 2007). Because of this, the industry is moving away from major events in favour of smaller, more intimate events where companies can really interact with potential clients (Biba E, 2007). Another aspect companies are putting under the microscope is how to measure ROI generated from social networking and e-marketing. Indeed, if an event is posted on Facebook, LinkedIn, various industry blogs and online magazines this all takes resources in terms of man-hours put into promoting the event on these new channels but how can a company measure that this was efficient? How can the event planner know that the Facebook invitation attracted the client and not some Email they receive every year which pushed them to look for a Facebook event? (Terrero R, 2009). Today, there is little way of knowing exactly what path a client took and what really convinced them to attend your particular event. Social Indeed, the main goals of events and exhibitions are brand awareness, brand preference and networking. Although brand awareness can be achieved through various communication mediums (advertising online, billboards, TV, etc.), it is not the way to create brand preference. Brand preference is achieved through interaction, experience of the brand with the client (Kovaleski D, 2009) and leads to better ROI for the company. This means that exhibition halls and event organisers are not expected to provide a massive attendance so much as a good promotional space and real, targeted potential buyers (Biba E, 2007). From the buyers perspective, they want to experience and know the brand as a whole. With globalisation came increased competition and consumers now have the possibility to buy from anyone anywhere around the world. The quality and price are no longer the only issues, people and therefore companies look at the triple bottom line. Its no longer just about economics but also the socia l and environmental benefits of a product or company. Clients dont want a coupon or a price comparison when they come to a product launch, they want to feel and experience the product for themselves (Dwyer L, Edwards D., 2009 and Furness V., 2007). There needs to be a real interaction between companies and clients. Companies want to build a rapport with their clients, want to become part of their lives. This has forced exhibition halls and event managers to re-think space use and create sections that are dedicated to sitting down in a relaxing atmosphere with a drink to discuss business more casually. The bottom line is still to get the client but the approach is much friendlier then boxed up in a meeting room (Kovaleski D, 2009). This also has an impact on stand design. Exhibitors are encouraged to pay more attention to details such as carpet colour as it has been shown that if the carpet colour of the stand is different from that of the exhibition hall, it may create a barrier and deter clients from approaching (Kovaleski D, 2009). Technology With the development of various technologies, companies have the opportunity to have a virtual event run along-side of the live event. This allows them more time to prepare the client for the interaction and pursue the relationship after the event (Furness V., 2007 and Kovaleski D, 2009). This phenomenon of virtual event is not only to accompany live events, there are now events using only virtual platforms, simulating a physical event on the online world. Platforms such as Second Life are being used by companies to reach potential clients without having to create an event in one physical place. This has the advantage, if not necessarily of price reduction, but to be able to reach clients who may not be prepared to travel to meet you. You can meet them where they are all at once (Biba E, 2008). Using 3D technologies, your virtual exhibition can be as simple as visitors being able to look around at the different stands and as complex as re-creating the event in a completely online wor ld (web chatter, 2010). This is not to say that virtual events will completely replace live events because, as we have seen, people still want to interact and know who they are dealing with but it certainly does replace certain live events already (Biba E, 2007). Another important aspect of the new technologies that the exhibition and event industry should be aware of is the democratization of the internet. This means two things. First, even small firms can bring competition to the large, well-established event organizers if they have good SEO (search engine optimization) and general web-marketing skills as they have equal visibility (Dwyer L, Edwards D., 2009). Second, through UGC (user generated content) anyone can post their feedback about their experience with a certain organizer and make it available to the world (Papathanassis A, Buhalis D, 2007). This is good news for companies who have good relations with their clients and suppliers but will be difficult for companies who were focusing on one-shot clients and therefore not paying much attention to details. The final aspect of technology refers to the traditional definition of technology, ie: the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry (Oxford Compact dictionary). Here we are referring to how to build ecologically friendly stands? What technologies can we use to handle the new products that now need to be used in order to create a green stand? Environmental We are now obviously diverging to the environmental issues around the exhibition and event industry. Indeed, it is becoming increasingly important for companies to be perceived as environmentally aware (Biba E, 2008). This presents a good opportunity in term of cost reductions as decisions such as travelling less can be explained as an environmentally gesture rather then cost-cutting in a bad economy (Events Managers, 2010). However, it presents a challenge for events and exhibition companies who now need to develop green stands made with ecologically friendly materials and production techniques and purchased from local suppliers to avoid pollution from transport (Biba E, 2008). Another aspect the exhibition and event industry will need to look at closely is the impact that global warming will have on their choice of venue and the viability of these choices with respect to client attendance and attractiveness (Dwyer L, Edwards D., 2009). Indeed, sunny destinations which are very pleasant to hold events at may be changed for the worse in the next 30-50 years while new destinations will establish themselves as more favourable climate-wise. Legal The final point we will view is the legal aspects that the industry needs to pay attention to. The policies regarding the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the liberalisation of trade have lead way to many legal documents and laws by countries around the world which need to be followed by event and exhibition organisers and by venues to make sure they are acting within the limits and scope of the law. However, an important legal issue is the terms and conditions put forward by events and exhibition planners and venues. First, with regards to particular cancellation fees, they need to protect themselves without being outrageously unfair to the potential client which is looking at cancellation fees and possibilities more closely since the crisis. Second, with respect to the inflexibility of minimum numbers, if venues hope to attract client, they need to consider the advantage of having one definite client with a contract who may not bring exactly 1000 participants versus one potential client who is still shopping around and may never sign (Event Manager, 2010). From this PESTEL analysis, we can draw several conclusions for GL events next step. First, it is clear that the new technologies, though they will not fully replace live events, are certainly complementing them and they are here to stay. GL events could take advantage of this by creating a network with all its venues. When one event is organised in Nice for example, they could offer the possibility of extending it via 3D conferencing tools to other of their venues around the world. This would increase the potential number of attendees who would not have to sit in front of a computer to enjoy the virtual event but would benefit also from meeting with others who are also in their geographical areas and enjoying the event virtually. People in China could enjoy the conference of the event taking place in Nice and have the opportunity to network with other people afterwards via video-conferencing and face-to-face with people who were also unable to attend the meeting. A second opportunity GL events could take advantage of is the growing importance of the perception of being environmentally friendly which pushes companies to invest in Green stands. Through their event organising service, GL events should try to develop the competencies to offer this possibility to their clients, if possible at a similar cost, to make sure they are in keeping (and even a little ahead) of their times. In these fast changing times, the opportunities are still up for grabs but will soon become threats if venues and organisers do not react quickly.

Homer :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Homer’s epic, The Odyssey, women play an integral role in the life of Odysseus, the story’s protagonist. Odysseus is forced to leave the comforts of Ithaca because of a woman, Helen, and he longs to return to his home largely for a woman, his wife Penelope. Throughout his journey, however, it is Circe who has a heavy influence on Odysseus because she is a major distraction and thus an obstacle for the renowned hero. Indeed, Circe’s comeliness coupled with her sorcery, and her kindness along with lavish hospitality all distract Odysseus and impede him from swiftly returning home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With her otherworldly beauty and enchantments, Circe is a distraction for Odysseus and therefore an obstacle on his road to Ithaca. With her sensuality and magic potions, Circe is able to get that which she desires from men. After Odysseus, guided and forewarned by Hermes, drinks Circe’s potion and is not bewitched, Circe is â€Å"amazed† for â€Å"no other man has ever resisted† her magic (X, 348-350). Although Circe is probably used to fulfilling her sexual desires with men she has enchanted, she nevertheless tries to go to bed with Odysseus. She tells him, â€Å"Climb into my bed and tangle in love there, so we may come to trust each other† (X, 356-357). Odysseus tries to resist the charming goddess and tells her that she must promise no more â€Å"trouble† for him, but as soon as she does that which he asks he â€Å"[climbs] into Circe’s beautiful bed† (X, 366-369). After ten years of fighting, Odyssey has grown quite lonely. He has been away from Penelope, his wife and the only other woman who most likely fulfilled his needs and desires, and Circe is putting forth very tempting offers. Although her potion did not have an effect on him, Circe’s physical beauty definitely appealed to Odysseus; otherwise, he would have cunningly found something to do other than engaging in an intimate act with Circe. The goddess-nymph has many a trick up her sleeve, and she could have also found another way to get Odysseus to go to bed with her. She had no need to do such a thing because Odysseus was in a vulnerable state. Months at sea and at war can be quite trying on anyone, so Odysseus was susceptible to falling for someone--especially someone as seductive as Circe. With physical beauty and magical powers, Circe distracts Odysseus and hampers his return to Ithaca.

AS/RS and conveyors

Racks are â€Å"flow-through† racks In which the unit load Is stored from one side of the rack by a dedicated SIR machine, and Is retrieved by another machine from the pick did of the rack. 3. Monomial AS/RSI: is a system designed to handle small loads that are contained in bins or drawers in the storage system. A. Generally smaller than a unit load AS/RSI and is often enclosed for security of the items stored. B. Uses special SIR machines to retrieve and transport the bins to the P&D station at the end of the aisle in order to be able to withdraw individual items from the bin. C.P&D station is manually operated by a worker. D. The bin or drawer must then be returned to its location in the system. 4. Man-on-board AS/RSI: this system is dedicated for retrieving single items from outrage. A. Human worker drives a carriage of the SIR machine. B. Permits individual item that he picked directly at their storage locations. 5. Automated item retrieval system: a storage systems design ed for retrieval of individual items or small product cartons. A. Items are stored in lanes. B. In retrieval process item is pushed from its lane and dropped onto a conveyor for delivery to the pickup station. . The supply of items in each lane is periodically replenished, allowing first-in. First-out Inventory rotation 6. Vertical' lift storage modules (EVILS): These are also called vertical lift automated outrage/retrieval systems. A. Uses a center aisle or more. B. Capable of holding large Inventories while saving valuable floor space In the factory. Three application areas can be distinguished for automated storage/retrieval systems: 1 . Unit load storage and handling. Commonly found in: Warehousing for finished goods. Manufacturing facilities e. G. Deep-lane systems are mostly used in food industry. 2.Order picking. As order picking involves retrieving materials in less than full unit load quantities, monomial, man-an-board, and item retrieval systems are used for this applicat ion area. 3. Work-in-process storage systems. It's a new application recently developed of automated storage technology. The following ways are ways to manage unavoidable WIPE: a. Buffer storage in production. Used between two processes which production rates differ significantly. An in-process buffer is needed between these operations to temporarily store the output of the first process as the input for the second process. . Support of Just-in-time delivery. Just-in-time TIT) is a manufacturing strategy that follows the pull strategy in which parts required in production are received immediately prior they are needed in the plant. As this strategy is very risky in terms f stock outs that occurs due to late supplier deliveries, usually plants install automated storage systems as storage buffers for incoming materials. C. Kitting of parts for assembly. When an order is received, the required components are retrieved, collected into kits, and delivered to the production floor for asse mbly. . Compatible with automatic identification systems. Uses automatic identification devices; bar code readers which allows loads to be stored and retrieved without human interaction to identify the loads. E. Computer control and tracking of materials. Used to identify the location and tutus of work-in-process in the facility. F. Support of factory wide automation. Part 2: Prepare a report about manual and automated conveyors. CONVEYOR SYSTEMS Conveyors are used when material must be moved in relatively large quantities between specific locations over a fixed path.Conveyors divided into two basic categories: 1 . Powered conveyors The power mechanism is contained in the fixed path, using chains, belts, rotating rolls, or other devices to force loads along the path. They are usually used in automated material transport systems in manufacturing plants, warehouses, and distribution centers. 2. Non-powered conveyors. Tat or by using gravity from one height to a lower height. Types of Conveyors 1. Roller and Skate Wheel Conveyors. Roller conveyor: The pathway consists of a series of rollers that are perpendicular to the direction of travel.The fixed frame contains rollers that lifts the pathway above floor level from several inches to several feet. Flat pallets carrying unit loads are moved forward as the roller rotate. Applications: manufacturing, assembly, and packaging. Skate-wheel conveyors are similar to roller conveyors but skate wheels rotating on shaft connected to a frame to roll pallets along the path way instead of rollers. Applications of skate wheel conveyors are similar to those of roller conveyors, except that the loads must generally be lighter. 2.Belt Conveyors. Belt conveyors consist of a continuous loop: Half its length is used for delivering materials, and the other half is the return run. Belt conveyors are typically available in two types; Flat belts for pallets, individual parts, or even certain types of bulk materials; Thorough belts for b ulk materials. Conveyors Driven by Chains and Cables. Uses chains that forms endless loop on which loads are carried directly. The loop forms a straight line with a pulley at each end. This is usually in an over-and-under configuration.These conveyors are categorized as the following: 1. Chain: a. Used to transport heavy unit loads. B. Parallel chain configuration used to transport pallets. 2. Slat conveyor: a) Uses discretely spaced slats connected to a chain b) Unit being transported retains its position c) Orientation and placement of the load is controlled d) Used for heavy loads or loads that might damage a belt e) Bottling and canning plants use flat chain or slat conveyors because of wet conditions, temperature, and cleanliness requirements f) Tilt slat conveyor used for serration 3.In floor towline conveyors: . Uses towline to provide power to wheeled carriers such as trucks, dollies, or carts that move along the floor b. Used for fixed-path travel of carriers (each of which has variable path capabilities when disengaged from the towline) c. Towline can be located either overhead, flush with the floor, or in the floor a. Uses a series of trolleys supported from or within an overhead track b. Trolleys are equally spaced in a closed loop path and are suspended from a chain c.Carriers are used to carry multiple units of product d. Does not provide for accumulation e. Commonly used in processing, assembly, packaging, and storage operations 5. A power-and-free overhead trolley conveyor: a. Similar to trolley conveyor due to use of discretely spaced carriers transported by an overhead chain; however, the power-and-free conveyor uses two tracks: one powered and the other non-powered. B. Carriers can be disengaged from the power chain and accumulated or switched onto spurs c.Termed an Inverted Power-and- Free Conveyor when tracks are located on the floor 6. Cart-on-track conveyors: a. Used to transport carts along a track b. Carts are transported by a rotating tube c. Connected to each cart is a drive wheel that rests on the tube and that is used to array the speed of the cart (by varying the angle of contact between the drive wheel and the tube) d. Carts are independently controlled e. Accumulation can be achieved by maintaining the drive wheel parallel to the tube 7.Screw conveyors: a. Consists of a tube or U-shaped stationary trough through which a shaft-mounted helix revolves to push loose material forward in a horizontal or inclined direction b. One of the most widely used conveyors in the processing industry c. Many applications in agricultural and chemical processing 8. Vibration-based conveyors: a. Consists of a trough, bed, or tube b. Vibrates at a relatively high frequency and small amplitude in order to convey individual units of products or bulk material c.Can be used to convey almost all granular, free-flowing materials 9. Vertical lift conveyors: is a power-based conveyer that moves products automatically from one level to another. A. Carrier used to raise or lower a load to different levels of a facility (e. G. , different floors and/or mezzanines) b. Differs from a freight elevator in that it is not designed or certified to carry people c. Can be manually or automatically loaded and/or controlled and can interface with horizontal conveyors

1972 Title IX: An Enormous Boost for Women’s Athletics

â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.† – Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 Title IX has had a profound impact on the American athletic culture since it was included in the Educational Amendments of 1972. In fact, according to the â€Å"Save Title IX† group (www.savetitleix.com/coalition), an alliance of sixty organizations spearheaded by the National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education (NCWGE), in 1971 there were 32,000 women in varsity intercollegiate sports in U.S, colleges and universities; but by 1997, thanks to Title IX, there were 160,000 women participating in interscholastic athletics on university and college campuses. On high school campuses the rate of growth of girls playing sports was even more dramatic – based on athletically-inclined girls† knowledge that they would be able to participate in intercollegiate sports in college: in 1971, the year prior to Title IX, there were 294,000 girls playing interscholastic sports, and by the 2002-2003 school year, over 2.8 million high school girls were playing interscholastic sports. According to the American Association of University Women (AAAUW) Title IX, when enacted by Congress thirty-five years ago, specifically prohibited discrimination based on gender and marital or parental status in: admissions; housing and facilities; college and university courses; career guidance and counselling services; student financial aid; student health and insurance benefits; and â€Å"scholastic, intercollegiate, club, or intramural athletics.† And there is a three-part test to determine of a university or college is in compliance, the AAAUW Web page explains: the first prong is based on the proportion of female students attending the institution compared with females participating in intercollegiate sports; prong #2 examines whether the school has a track record of expanding sports opportunities for women; the third prong: is the school adequately accommodating women†s athletic interests and abilities? Main Body of Literature and Assessment of Challenges to Title IX Meantime, studies show that today, one out of three high school girls are playing sports on a school team. That is a very good thing, according to an article in the Journal of Gender, Social Policy & The Law (Brake, 2004): â€Å"Studies show that girls who compete in sports not only receive a physical benefit, but also benefit academically and socially,† Brake explains. Girls playing sports have â€Å"higher self-esteem, less risk of depression,† less likelihood of â€Å"engaging in high-risk behaviors,† and also, those young women â€Å"perform better in school than girls who do not play sports,† Blake†s article continues. Moreover, engaging in vigorous athletic activities on a sports team – at the interscholastic and intercollegiate levels – gives girls and women â€Å"the opportunity to develop new relationships with their bodies, as a source of strength and learning.† Meantime, the many positives listed above notwithstanding, all is not well in the world of Title IX. â€Å"Like other social institutions, sport has been resilient in preserving male privilege in its deepest structures,† Brake†s piece continues. Borrowing a phrase from Professor Reva Siegel called â€Å"preservation through transformation† – which means avoiding direct conflict with institutional shifts in ideology while maintaining â€Å"the underlying structure of inequality† by regrouping, according to Brake, â€Å"to preserve the central features of male privilege in sport.† Brake†s example of â€Å"preservation through transformation† in university sports is â€Å"the devastating loss†¦of positions for women coaches and athletic administrators.† To wit: the percentage of women coaching female athletes in college â€Å"has dropped from ninety percent in 1972 to forty-four percent in 2002, the lowest level on record.† And though 361 new coaching positions were created in women†s athletics between 2000 and 2002, Brake explains, â€Å"more than ninety percent of them were filled by men.† Brake†s second example is that prior to Title IX, women†s athletic departments were managed separately from men†s, and women held â€Å"virtually all of the administrative positions for women†s sports†; today, in the Title IX era, the two departments have merged, and women â€Å"remain tokens in leadership positions† in intercollegiate athletics. â€Å"By linking leadership and competence in sports with maleness,† Brake continues, â€Å"sport†s leadership structure reinforces women†s marginal place in sports and reinserts a risk that the empowering potential of sports will be thwarted by gender dynamics that reinforce male dominance,† according to Brake†s article. Beyond that, there exists â€Å"a massive divide in salaries for coaches of men†s sports and coaches of women†s sports,† Brake concludes, and Title IX does â€Å"next to nothing† about those disparities. Meanwhile, a challenge to the intent and policies of Title IX was established under the administration of George W. Bush, in 2002: called â€Å"The Commission on Opportunities in Athletics,† it was administered by the U.S. Department of Education (DOE), and clearly, from the outset, the intention was to address the problem at universities where some minor men†s sports were pushed out by emerging women†s sports, vis-à  -vis the law that is Title IX. In a Chronicle of Higher Education article (Staurowsky, 2003), the writer – chair of the department of sports management and media at Ithaca College – asserts that the strategy the panel followed lacked â€Å"coherency† and that the process â€Å"was seriously flawed.† Staurowsky writes that the members of the panel revealed â€Å"skewed power dynamics†: they all were educated in or worked for, the Division I institutions â€Å"that have been most visible and vocal† in challenging Title IX compliance regulations. The panel, for example, â€Å"almost unanimously† supported a proposal encouraging the DOE to â€Å"explore an antitrust exemption† for college sports, â€Å"which would trade institutional promises to cease discriminating against students on the basis of sex for a government promise to protect the financial interests of football and men†s basketball†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That proposal â€Å"defies logic,† Staurowsky asserted. At the conclusion of the panel†s research, only minor changes in Title IX were initially proposed by DOE; however, according to an Education Week article (Davis, 2005), the DOE has recently given universities a way to meet Title IX guidelines by having female students email their response to questions like, â€Å"Do you believe that you have the ability to participate (in a particular sport) at the level at which you indicated interest?† And apparently, if sufficient positive answers are received by the DOE, a school passes muster regarding Title IX. â€Å"We think†¦this allows schools to skirt the law,† said Neena Chaudhry, an attorney with the National Women†s Law Center. Miles Brand, the NCAA president, was also interviewed in the Education Week article, saying the email survey â€Å"will not provide an adequate indicator of interest among young women in college sports, nor does it encourage young women to participate – a failure that will li kely stymie the growth of women†s athletics.† There will be more challenges for Title IX, and certainly there is a good chance that the Bush Administration will continue to attempt to â€Å"water down† the three prongs, to give a nod to those minor men†s programs (wrestling, water polo, among others) that have been cut due to the expansion of women†s sports programs. But for those who wish to see Title IX remain as a solid, well-enforced, gender-friendly law, the best strategy is to stay informed. How many American women (or men) who believe in Title IX know that the U.S. Supreme Court recently ruled (5-4) that â€Å"whistleblowers† who point out gender discrimination in violation of Title IX are protected from retaliation? Also, how many know that in two cases brought before the Supreme Court (Gebser v. Lago Independent School District, 1998; and Davis v. Monroe County board of Education, 1999) where sexual harassment was alleged (a violation of Title IX), the Court â€Å"imposed a â€Å"high burden† on students who seek damages? The Court ruled, according to Human Rights: Journal of the Section of Individual Rights & Responsibilities (Lassow, 2004), that those seeking damages under Title IX â€Å"must show that school officials had ‘actual knowledge† of the harassment and responded to it with ‘deliberate indifference,†Ã¢â‚¬  a very difficult assignment even for a highly skilled attorney. 1972 Title IX: An Enormous Boost for Women’s Athletics â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.† – Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 Title IX has had a profound impact on the American athletic culture since it was included in the Educational Amendments of 1972. In fact, according to the â€Å"Save Title IX† group (www.savetitleix.com/coalition), an alliance of sixty organizations spearheaded by the National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education (NCWGE), in 1971 there were 32,000 women in varsity intercollegiate sports in U.S, colleges and universities; but by 1997, thanks to Title IX, there were 160,000 women participating in interscholastic athletics on university and college campuses. On high school campuses the rate of growth of girls playing sports was even more dramatic – based on athletically-inclined girls† knowledge that they would be able to participate in intercollegiate sports in college: in 1971, the year prior to Title IX, there were 294,000 girls playing interscholastic sports, and by the 2002-2003 school year, over 2.8 million high school girls were playing interscholastic sports. According to the American Association of University Women (AAAUW) Title IX, when enacted by Congress thirty-five years ago, specifically prohibited discrimination based on gender and marital or parental status in: admissions; housing and facilities; college and university courses; career guidance and counselling services; student financial aid; student health and insurance benefits; and â€Å"scholastic, intercollegiate, club, or intramural athletics.† And there is a three-part test to determine of a university or college is in compliance, the AAAUW Web page explains: the first prong is based on the proportion of female students attending the institution compared with females participating in intercollegiate sports; prong #2 examines whether the school has a track record of expanding sports opportunities for women; the third prong: is the school adequately accommodating women†s athletic interests and abilities? Main Body of Literature and Assessment of Challenges to Title IX Meantime, studies show that today, one out of three high school girls are playing sports on a school team. That is a very good thing, according to an article in the Journal of Gender, Social Policy & The Law (Brake, 2004): â€Å"Studies show that girls who compete in sports not only receive a physical benefit, but also benefit academically and socially,† Brake explains. Girls playing sports have â€Å"higher self-esteem, less risk of depression,† less likelihood of â€Å"engaging in high-risk behaviors,† and also, those young women â€Å"perform better in school than girls who do not play sports,† Blake†s article continues. Moreover, engaging in vigorous athletic activities on a sports team – at the interscholastic and intercollegiate levels – gives girls and women â€Å"the opportunity to develop new relationships with their bodies, as a source of strength and learning.† Meantime, the many positives listed above notwithstanding, all is not well in the world of Title IX. â€Å"Like other social institutions, sport has been resilient in preserving male privilege in its deepest structures,† Brake†s piece continues. Borrowing a phrase from Professor Reva Siegel called â€Å"preservation through transformation† – which means avoiding direct conflict with institutional shifts in ideology while maintaining â€Å"the underlying structure of inequality† by regrouping, according to Brake, â€Å"to preserve the central features of male privilege in sport.† Brake†s example of â€Å"preservation through transformation† in university sports is â€Å"the devastating loss†¦of positions for women coaches and athletic administrators.† To wit: the percentage of women coaching female athletes in college â€Å"has dropped from ninety percent in 1972 to forty-four percent in 2002, the lowest level on record.† And though 361 new coaching positions were created in women†s athletics between 2000 and 2002, Brake explains, â€Å"more than ninety percent of them were filled by men.† Brake†s second example is that prior to Title IX, women†s athletic departments were managed separately from men†s, and women held â€Å"virtually all of the administrative positions for women†s sports†; today, in the Title IX era, the two departments have merged, and women â€Å"remain tokens in leadership positions† in intercollegiate athletics. â€Å"By linking leadership and competence in sports with maleness,† Brake continues, â€Å"sport†s leadership structure reinforces women†s marginal place in sports and reinserts a risk that the empowering potential of sports will be thwarted by gender dynamics that reinforce male dominance,† according to Brake†s article. Beyond that, there exists â€Å"a massive divide in salaries for coaches of men†s sports and coaches of women†s sports,† Brake concludes, and Title IX does â€Å"next to nothing† about those disparities. Meanwhile, a challenge to the intent and policies of Title IX was established under the administration of George W. Bush, in 2002: called â€Å"The Commission on Opportunities in Athletics,† it was administered by the U.S. Department of Education (DOE), and clearly, from the outset, the intention was to address the problem at universities where some minor men†s sports were pushed out by emerging women†s sports, vis-à  -vis the law that is Title IX. In a Chronicle of Higher Education article (Staurowsky, 2003), the writer – chair of the department of sports management and media at Ithaca College – asserts that the strategy the panel followed lacked â€Å"coherency† and that the process â€Å"was seriously flawed.† Staurowsky writes that the members of the panel revealed â€Å"skewed power dynamics†: they all were educated in or worked for, the Division I institutions â€Å"that have been most visible and vocal† in challenging Title IX compliance regulations. The panel, for example, â€Å"almost unanimously† supported a proposal encouraging the DOE to â€Å"explore an antitrust exemption† for college sports, â€Å"which would trade institutional promises to cease discriminating against students on the basis of sex for a government promise to protect the financial interests of football and men†s basketball†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That proposal â€Å"defies logic,† Staurowsky asserted. At the conclusion of the panel†s research, only minor changes in Title IX were initially proposed by DOE; however, according to an Education Week article (Davis, 2005), the DOE has recently given universities a way to meet Title IX guidelines by having female students email their response to questions like, â€Å"Do you believe that you have the ability to participate (in a particular sport) at the level at which you indicated interest?† And apparently, if sufficient positive answers are received by the DOE, a school passes muster regarding Title IX. â€Å"We think†¦this allows schools to skirt the law,† said Neena Chaudhry, an attorney with the National Women†s Law Center. Miles Brand, the NCAA president, was also interviewed in the Education Week article, saying the email survey â€Å"will not provide an adequate indicator of interest among young women in college sports, nor does it encourage young women to participate – a failure that will li kely stymie the growth of women†s athletics.† There will be more challenges for Title IX, and certainly there is a good chance that the Bush Administration will continue to attempt to â€Å"water down† the three prongs, to give a nod to those minor men†s programs (wrestling, water polo, among others) that have been cut due to the expansion of women†s sports programs. But for those who wish to see Title IX remain as a solid, well-enforced, gender-friendly law, the best strategy is to stay informed. How many American women (or men) who believe in Title IX know that the U.S. Supreme Court recently ruled (5-4) that â€Å"whistleblowers† who point out gender discrimination in violation of Title IX are protected from retaliation? Also, how many know that in two cases brought before the Supreme Court (Gebser v. Lago Independent School District, 1998; and Davis v. Monroe County board of Education, 1999) where sexual harassment was alleged (a violation of Title IX), the Court â€Å"imposed a â€Å"high burden† on students who seek damages? The Court ruled, according to Human Rights: Journal of the Section of Individual Rights & Responsibilities (Lassow, 2004), that those seeking damages under Title IX â€Å"must show that school officials had ‘actual knowledge† of the harassment and responded to it with ‘deliberate indifference,†Ã¢â‚¬  a very difficult assignment even for a highly skilled attorney.